Factual Scenario:  The Final Judgment and Decree of Divorce has finally been executed by the parties and has been filed with the Court.  But, alas, Husband finds that Wife is not willing to pay what he is supposed to receive from her; and Wife is not forthcoming in dividing the U.S. Savings Bonds that were acquired during the parties’ marriage; and she is refusing to convey to Husband certain household goods and furnishings as directed in the Final Judgment and Decree of Divorce.

What remedies does Husband have?

The Court does not have a “police force” or “private investigators” to monitor compliance with Final Decrees or Agreed Entries.  There simply is not enough money for the Court to examine whether or not former spouses are following the mandates of their Decrees.  In order for the Court to learn about a party’s non-compliance, the former Husband must file a Motion asking the Court to find his Ex-wife in Contempt of Court for her willful failure to comply with certain terms of the Final Decree or Agreed Entry.  Another name for the same action is for Husband to file a Motion to Show Cause why Wife should not be held in Contempt of Court.  The terms “Motion to Show Cause” and “Motion for Contempt” are used interchangeably.  This is a “civil” contempt action, not a “criminal” contempt action.  The Motion must also contain other information:

1. Notice of Hearing: The Court will have to conduct an evidentiary hearing to determine if Wife should be found in contempt of Court.  The Notice will set forth the date and time of the hearing and the name of the Judge or Magistrate who shall conduct the hearing.
2. In addition to the Motion for Contempt, there must be a notice advising the former Wife that if she is found in contempt of Court, she may be ordered to pay a fine and that she may be sent to jail.  Persons accused of contempt are entitled to constitutional protections, including having an attorney represent him/her.  In all the years that I have practiced Family Law, the only times that I have seen a party sent to jail were in relation to non-payment of child support, which is the most common type of contempt proceeding.

If Wife is the non-compliant party, must Husband incur more legal expenses to take her back to Court?

Unfortunately, the answer is “yes”.  Again, the system may not seem “fair” but there are no funds or monies available to assist the wronged party.  So, the attorney must advise the potential client that there will be a filing fee involved along with expenses to have the former spouse served with the Motion and Notice of Hearing, and attorney fees to take the matter back to Court.  In Montgomery County, Ohio, the filing fee for post-Decree contempt matters is $125.00 and service of process in a contempt matter must be accomplished by personal service.

If Wife is found to be in contempt of Court, can she be ordered to pay Husband’s reasonable attorney fees and court costs incurred by him?

The Court has the authority to direct the errant Wife to pay to the former Husband his reasonable attorney fees and court costs expended by him in bringing the matter before the Court.  In fact, the threat of having to pay Husband’s attorney fees and court costs may act as an incentive to encourage compliance with the Order.  In Montgomery County Domestic Relations Court, the Local Rule allows the court to assess only a nominal $350 in attorney fees against the contemnor unless another attorney is retained to testify about the necessity and propriety of a request for additional attorney fees. Even upon expending additional money to hire another attorney to appear in Court and testify about the actual attorney fees incurred in pursuing the Contempt matter, the Court has discretion whether to Order any additional attorney fees or not.

Is it “worth it” to bring a Contempt of Court or Show Cause Action?

The answer to that question must be made on an individual case-by-case basis. The attorney and client should carefully analyze the costs associated with filing the Motion in relation to the financial value of the monies or goods being sought.  In the scenario set forth at the beginning of this article, Husband decided it was worth the legal fees and court costs to take the matter back to Court.  In that post-Decree matter, he was seeking payment of several thousand dollars and saving bonds worth approximately $25,000.  There are instances, however, where it just does not make economic sense to spend additional monies going after a “deadbeat” ex-spouse.

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Fans of football in general, but more particularly fans of the West Virginia University Mountaineers and the Cincinnati Bengals, mourn the untimely loss of Chris Henry on December 17, 2009.  He was just twenty-six (26) years of age.  Henry had a stellar career as a wide receiver at West Virginia University and was drafted by the Cincinnati Bengals in the third (3rd) round of the 2005 draft.  He had some notable off-the-field problems and at least five (5) legal-related incidents but was seemingly back on track with both his football career and life when he sustained an injury to his forearm in mid-season of 2009.  During the Cincinnati-Baltimore game, Chris sustained a fracture to his left forearm and was thereafter placed on the “injured reserve” list.

On the evening of Wednesday, December 16, 2009, there was an incident described as a “domestic dispute” involving Henry and his fiancé, Loleini Tonga. Reports say that Ms. Tonga was attempting to leave a residence in North Carolina when Henry jumped into the bed of the pick-up truck she was driving.  Henry was later thrown from the bed of the truck.  He sustained massive head injuries and died the next morning.

Many legal questions remain.  I shall address them in chronological order:

• It will be most important to determine if Chris Henry had a Last Will and Testament or any other estate planning documents to protect Loleini Tonga and their children. Most persons at the age of twenty-six (26) believe they are invincible and do not need to have estate planning documents in place.
• His fiancé, Loleini Tonga, has no legal rights to anything in his estate, absent a Will, as she was not married to Chris Henry at the time of his death.  As a fiancé of Chris Henry, she has no rights to inherit from his estate unless he provided for her in a Will or a Living Trust document.
• There are reported to be three (3) children that Chris Henry and his fiancé were raising; some news articles indicate that he was the father of only two of them.  If Chris Henry is the biological Father of the children, had paternity been established?  Loleini Tonga would not be eligible to receive Social Security benefits on behalf of the children until or unless paternity is established.  And, now that Chris Henry is deceased, his fiancé may have to try to establish paternity of the three (3) children through the appropriate Juvenile Court in order to seek Social Security benefits on their behalf.  If the children are not born as issue of Chris Henry and Ms. Tonga’s relationship, his estate would not be responsible for them unless Henry had estate planning documents in place to address that issue. More specifically, his will could have specified who he would designate to serve as guardian of the person and/or estate of any minor children he might leave at the time of his death.  His will or trust could also have named a trustee to manage assets on his children’s behalf until they attained an appropriate age to take control themselves over the funds.

Recommendations:

1. If children are born out of wedlock, take immediate steps to establish paternity.  Parents cannot expect to receive child support benefits or Social Security benefits unless paternity is established and the biological father of the child or children has been identified and verified by Court Order.  Just signing the Birth Certificate is not enough to establish paternity in the State of Ohio.
2. If you are a man living in Ohio and believe that you may have impregnated a woman to whom you are not married, then you should consider registering with the Ohio Putative Father Registry.  This is an important step toward establishing paternity and protecting your rights if the mother should decide to put the child up for adoption.  Be sure to register before the child is a month old. Click here to learn more about the Registry and to link to the form that would need to be completed.
3. Regardless of your age, have a Last Will and Testament prepared to establish who shall inherit from you and to establish who shall be responsible for your minor children in the event of your premature demise.  In Ohio, anyone who is mentally competent over the age of eighteen (18) years old can execute a Will.
4. These recommendations are especially important if the fiancé/father is wealthy.  Loleini Tonga and the three (3) children she and Chris Henry were raising may now be in legal “limbo” until it is determined whether or not Chris provided for them in a Last Will and Testament (or other Trust documents) and if the paternity of the children in question had been legally established.

As a graduate of West Virginia University and a Bengal fan, I was personally saddened by his death. Coach Bill Stewart said, “Once a Mountaineer, always a Mountaineer … Chris was a big part of our success during his time here.  For me, he was a real joy to be around on a daily basis.  He came to work and loved to play football.” Bengal teammate Chad Ochocinco said, “My grandma always says you never question the man upstairs on decisions he makes. Everyone makes mistakes, but I don’t see how Chris was supposed to go already, especially when he was on the right path.”

His family shared last week that Chris is helping save the lives of others through organ donation. Life Center, a group that encourages and facilitates organ donation, said that Henry was an organ and cornea donor and that his organs were donated to at least five people. "When it’s a high-profile person or high-profile case, this really brings awareness that, wow, lives were saved as a result of something so tragic," said Andi Johnson, a representative of Life Center. If you are interested in more information on tissue and organ donation in Ohio, click here and you will be directed to the Donate Life Ohio website.

Remember, that each of us needs to have a plan and properly drawn estate planning documents which include how our assets should be distributed and whom we would want to raise our minor children in the event we were not able to do so.  Regardless of our age or physical prowess, none of us are “bullet proof.” It is very important to take all the appropriate steps to protect our loved ones and family members!

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It is newsworthy that the State of Ohio has taken major “hits” in the job loss category and that our unemployment rate approaches 10%.  Recently, General Motors, aka Delphi, has closed most plants in Dayton causing a massive loss of jobs in the manufacturing sector.  Then, National Cash Register (NCR) announced the company was moving its headquarters and nearly fifteen hundred (1500) jobs to a suburb of Atlanta, Georgia.  The Dayton Daily News has reported that eleven (11) policemen are slated to “lose their jobs” due to budgetary constraints.  Also, businesses associated with supplying the auto industry with parts and services are feeling a financial “crunch” as their major or primary customer was General Motors, aka Delphi.

So, what is a parent (Father or Mother) to do when facing or experiencing a loss of employment?

Scenario #1:   Father is the Obligor (parent paying child support to the Mother/Obligee). He was employed by National Cash Register (NCR).  He does not want to move to the suburb of Atlanta, Georgia, wherein the new company headquarters shall be located.  He does not want to leave the Dayton community as he wants to remain in contact with his children and he has an “upside down” home (which means that he owes more money on the home’s mortgage than the home is presently worth).  So, he decides to remain here and seek alternative employment.  He has three children and his present child support obligation is $300.00 per month per child for a monthly total of $900.00.

Upon learning of his loss of employment, Father needs to file for unemployment compensation and notify the Child Support Agency of his job loss.  Further, Father should seek assistance from counsel in filing an immediate Motion to Decrease Child Support based upon a substantial change in circumstances (his loss of employment).  If he chooses to do nothing, the Child Support Enforcement Agency (CSEA) can be likened to a “running” taxi cab meter.  His support obligation will continue to accrue at the rate of $900.00 per month until it is reduced by a Court Order.  The Court can not retroactively reduce an accrued arrearage without the consent of the Obligee.  The Court can start the new lower amount from the date the Motion for the support reduction is filed.  Bottom line – file the Motion as soon as the job is lost.

Scenario #2:  Father is the Obligor (parent paying child support to the Mother/Obligee). He receives notice that his position of employment is going to be terminated within three months or ninety (90) days.  He also has a child support obligation of $300.00 per month per child for three children for a total monthly obligation of $900.00.

With the knowledge that his position of employment is going to be terminated or eliminated in the near future, Father has some advance notice that financial circumstances are about to change abruptly.  The Obligor, with the information that his employment position is about to be eliminated, has the opportunity to file a Motion to Decrease Child Support and to obtain a hearing before the job loss has occurred.  This action provides notice to the Court and to the Obligee that financial circumstances are about to change and that child support obligations must be revised or amended accordingly.  Again, as in Scenario #1, the Obligor’s inaction will only create bigger problems such as having to pay an arrearage which has accumulated and a possible contempt action for failure to pay support and even the loss of driving privileges and/or jail time.

Scenario #3:   Father is the Obligor and he loses his job, and as a result, is behind on his support.  Mother says that he cannot have any parenting time with his children until he is current on his support.

Support and parenting time are not dependent obligations under Ohio Law.  What this means is that Mother can not deny parenting time based upon non-payment of child support.  If she does, she could be held in contempt for the improper denial of parenting time.

The loss of employment can be a depressing and demoralizing event for anyone.  The Court is generally sympathetic to the request for a reduction of the Obligor’s child support obligation due to the loss of employment UNLESS the Obligor engaged in some sort of conduct causing the loss of employment.  In those instances, the Court has the authority to “impute” income to the Obligor even if he or she has no income due to the actions or behaviors leading to the loss of employment.  The loss of a job, like other changes in circumstances of the parties, can have a dramatic effect on child support and/or spousal support.  Contact an experienced family law attorney as soon as possible to discuss the specific implications when such an event occurs.

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I came across an interesting survey last month in the Gordon Poll Youth Survey published by the Wilmington Institute Network. Dr. Robert Gordon is the founder and director of the Wilmington Institute of Trial and Settlement Sciences. He is a past president of the Texas Psychological Association and is author of “On the Witness Stand.” He is both a clinical psychologist and a lawyer. The work of Dr. Gordon and the institute team has been featured on the MacNeil-Lehrer News Hour, ABC, Nightline, CNN, Fox News, Larry King Live, Good Morning America and USA Today.

The Gordon Poll Youth Survey focuses on family life issues. It is conducted for the benefit of parents, educators and members of the legal and mental health professions. The May 2009 survey was compiled from a sample size of 1,000 children between ages 14-18, and they are from a self-selected national sample that includes all 50 states.

Here are a few selected comments from participants who indicated that each parent should pay the same:

“Yes, one parent may earn more, or one may not have custody, but both parents are equally, biologically responsible for their child. Just because someone earns more doesn’t make it their job to pay more.”

Here are some selected comments from participants who indicated that the parent who earns more should pay more:

Here are selected comments from participants who indicated that the parent who doesn’t live with the kid should pay more:

And, these selected comments are from participants who indicated that the parent who wanted the divorce should pay more:

Click here to read more comments from the survey participants. I will be bringing you more USA Youth Survey results in the future!

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Perhaps it is time to forget the “I am a man and can take care of myself” attitude. Did you know that under Ohio law, the factors for alimony or spousal support are gender blind? Up until the 1980′s there were few men who received spousal support from their wives, but times and attitudes are slowly changing. As more men are granted custody of their children or become stay at home dads, the need for women to pay both child and spousal support has increased. But interestingly, statistics show that “thirty-three percent of higher-earning spouses are women, but fewer than four percent of alimony payers are women”, according to a CNN article on Manimony (a slang term for alimony paid to men). In today’s society many men still refuse to request spousal support even if their spouse earns much more money than they do. So it seems that the inequality in spousal support awards may have more to do with male machismo than any legal bias.

In her blog, Attorney Marie Fahnert, the author of the Chicago Divorce Lawyer had a very insightful perspective on the topic. She believes that “women will never achieve full equality until men stop being stigmatized for earning less that their wives. Simply speaking- if alimony rates for men stay as they are- a married man will never have the same incentive as a women to invest in his spouse’s career.”

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